Global GridMadagascar's energy mix and electricity
🇲🇬 In 2024, Madagascar generated 2.43 TWh of electricity. The largest source was oil and other fossil fuels at 37%, followed by hydro (37%) and coal (21%). In total, 42% came from low-carbon sources (nuclear and renewables) and 58% from fossil fuels.
On average, each kilowatt hour produced about 432 grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂), close to the world average of 458 grams in 2025. That makes Madagascar the 82nd cleanest of 158 countries that generate at least 1 TWh a year.
Electricity demand was 2.43 TWh. Its electricity imports and exports were roughly in balance.
Since 2000, electricity generation has grown by 183%, from 0.86 TWh. The low-carbon share went from 64% to 42%. The biggest rise was in coal, from 0% to 21% of generation. The biggest fall was in hydro, from 63% to 37%. Carbon intensity rose from 244 to 432 grams per kWh.
Live, hour-by-hour figures for Madagascar are not connected yet. The dashboard shows its yearly figures, energy mix since 2000 and interconnector trade.
Energy mix in 2024
- Oil and other fossil fuels 37%
- Hydro 37%
- Coal 21%
- Solar 4.1%
- Bioenergy 1.2%
| Source | Share | Generated |
|---|---|---|
| Oil and other fossil fuels | 37% | 0.90 TWh |
| Hydro | 37% | 0.90 TWh |
| Coal | 21% | 0.50 TWh |
| Solar | 4.1% | 0.10 TWh |
| Bioenergy | 1.2% | 0.03 TWh |
Energy security score
Strong. Madagascar ranks 52nd of 158 countries and 12th of 35 in Africa. The score shows how well a country could keep electricity affordable and on if fuel supplies were disrupted. It is based on 4 of the 5 measures.
| Measure | Score |
|---|---|
| Produces its own energy No reliable figure exists for Madagascar, so this measure is left out and the other four count for more. | n/a |
| Variety of power sources How evenly generation is spread across nine sources. The largest, oil and other fossil fuels, made 37%. | 77 |
| Little reliance on imported power Madagascar exported more electricity than it imported, so it scores full marks. | 100 |
| Low-carbon power Nuclear and renewables made 42% of generation. | 42 |
| Low gas and oil use Gas and oil made 37% of generation; the score is 100 minus that share. | 63 |
The five measures are weighted 30%, 20%, 20%, 15% and 15%. How the score works.
How it has changed
| Year | Generated | Low-carbon | Fossil | CO₂ g/kWh |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 0.86 TWh | 64% | 36% | 244 |
| 2005 | 1.06 TWh | 61% | 39% | 274 |
| 2010 | 1.30 TWh | 55% | 45% | 315 |
| 2015 | 1.79 TWh | 54% | 46% | 324 |
| 2020 | 2.16 TWh | 41% | 60% | 417 |
| 2023 | 2.48 TWh | 44% | 57% | 423 |
| 2024 | 2.43 TWh | 42% | 58% | 432 |
Questions about Madagascar's energy
What is Madagascar's energy mix?
In 2024, Madagascar's electricity came from oil and other fossil fuels 37%, hydro 37%, coal 21% and solar 4.1%.
How much of Madagascar's electricity is renewable?
42% of its electricity came from renewables in 2024 (hydro 37%, solar 4.1% and bioenergy 1.2%).
What is Madagascar's main source of electricity?
Oil and other fossil fuels, which made 37% of its electricity in 2024.
How clean is Madagascar's electricity?
About 432 grams of CO₂ for each kilowatt hour in 2024, close to the world average of 458 grams. It ranks 82nd cleanest of 158 countries that generate at least 1 TWh a year.
Does Madagascar import electricity?
Its imports and exports were roughly in balance in 2024.
How secure is Madagascar's energy supply?
Global Grid's energy security score for Madagascar is 73 out of 100 (strong), 52nd of 158 countries. It looks at how much of its own energy it produces, how varied its power sources are, its reliance on imported power and its use of low-carbon power, gas and oil.
Other countries in Africa
Sources: Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0), figures up to 2024. Ember's latest-year figures are first estimates and may be revised. TWh: terawatt hours (one billion kWh).