Global GridEstonia's energy mix and electricity
🇪🇪 In 2025, Estonia generated 6.19 TWh of electricity. The largest source was oil shale and oil at 38%, followed by bioenergy (22%) and solar (20%). In total, 60% came from low-carbon sources (nuclear and renewables) and 40% from fossil fuels.
On average, each kilowatt hour produced about 317 grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂), below the world average of 458 grams in 2025. That makes Estonia the 64th cleanest of 158 countries that generate at least 1 TWh a year.
Electricity demand was 8.90 TWh. Estonia imported 2.71 TWh more electricity than it exported, equal to 30% of its demand.
Since 2000, electricity generation has fallen by 27%, from 8.51 TWh. The low-carbon share went from 0% to 62%. The biggest rise was in bioenergy, from 0% to 22% of generation. The biggest fall was in oil shale and oil, from 93% to 38%. Carbon intensity fell from 635 to 317 grams per kWh.
Live, hour-by-hour figures for Estonia are not connected yet. The dashboard shows its yearly figures, energy mix since 2000 and interconnector trade.
Energy mix in 2025
- Oil shale and oil 38%
- Bioenergy 22%
- Solar 20%
- Wind 19%
- Gas 1.3%
- Hydro 0.5%
| Source | Share | Generated |
|---|---|---|
| Oil shale and oil | 38% | 2.38 TWh |
| Bioenergy | 22% | 1.33 TWh |
| Solar | 20% | 1.22 TWh |
| Wind | 19% | 1.15 TWh |
| Gas | 1.3% | 0.08 TWh |
| Hydro | 0.5% | 0.03 TWh |
Total energy mix in 2024
Electricity is only part of the energy Estonia uses: fuel for transport, heating and industry counts too. In 2024, Estonia used 55.8 TWh of energy in all (primary energy). The largest source was coal at 48%, followed by oil (28%) and other renewables (7.8%). Fossil fuels made up 82% and low-carbon sources (nuclear and renewables) 18%.
- Coal 48%
- Oil 28%
- Other renewables 7.8%
- Gas 6.1%
- Solar 5%
- Wind 4.6%
- Biofuels 0.4%
- Hydro 0.1%
| Source | Share of all energy |
|---|---|
| Coal | 48% |
| Oil | 28% |
| Other renewables | 7.8% |
| Gas | 6.1% |
| Solar | 5% |
| Wind | 4.6% |
| Biofuels | 0.4% |
| Hydro | 0.1% |
Primary energy, with nuclear and renewable electricity counted as the fuel a power station would need to make it (the "substitution method"). Here "other renewables" is the Energy Institute's "geothermal, biomass and other" power generation, and biofuels are liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. Source: Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy via Our World in Data (CC BY 4.0).
Energy security score
Vulnerable. Estonia ranks 128th of 158 countries and 34th of 39 in Europe. The score shows how well a country could keep electricity affordable and on if fuel supplies were disrupted.
| Measure | Score |
|---|---|
| Produces its own energy In 2024, Estonia produced energy equal to 18% of all the energy it used (100% or more scores full marks). | 18 |
| Variety of power sources How evenly generation is spread across nine sources. The largest, oil shale and oil, made 38%. | 82 |
| Little reliance on imported power Net imports were 30% of demand; each 1% takes off 2 points. | 39 |
| Low-carbon power Nuclear and renewables made 60% of generation. | 60 |
| Low gas and oil use Gas and oil made 40% of generation; the score is 100 minus that share. | 60 |
The five measures are weighted 30%, 20%, 20%, 15% and 15%. How the score works.
Oil and gas pipelines
Global Energy Monitor lists 2,186 km of oil and gas pipelines operating in Estonia, 0 km being built and 0 km proposed (lengths measured along the mapped routes; a pipeline crossing borders counts in full for each country). For liquefied natural gas (LNG), shipped by sea, it lists 0 import terminals operating (2 more being built or proposed).
See them on the interactive map · Pipelines around the world
How it has changed
| Year | Generated | Low-carbon | Fossil | CO₂ g/kWh |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 8.51 TWh | 0% | 100% | 635 |
| 2005 | 10.2 TWh | 1% | 99% | 634 |
| 2010 | 13.0 TWh | 8% | 92% | 610 |
| 2015 | 10.2 TWh | 15% | 85% | 573 |
| 2020 | 6.08 TWh | 49% | 52% | 405 |
| 2024 | 6.26 TWh | 56% | 44% | 343 |
| 2025 | 6.19 TWh | 62% | 39% | 317 |
Questions about Estonia's energy
What is Estonia's energy mix?
In 2025, Estonia's electricity came from oil shale and oil 38%, bioenergy 22%, solar 20% and wind 19%. Counting all the energy it uses, including fuel for transport and heating, the mix in 2024 was coal 48%, oil 28%, other renewables 7.8% and gas 6.1%.
How much of Estonia's electricity is renewable?
60% of its electricity came from renewables in 2025 (bioenergy 22%, solar 20%, wind 19% and hydro 0.5%).
What is Estonia's main source of electricity?
Oil shale and oil, which made 38% of its electricity in 2025.
How clean is Estonia's electricity?
About 317 grams of CO₂ for each kilowatt hour in 2025, below the world average of 458 grams. It ranks 64th cleanest of 158 countries that generate at least 1 TWh a year.
Does Estonia import electricity?
Yes: in 2025 it imported 2.71 TWh more than it exported, 30% of its demand.
How secure is Estonia's energy supply?
Global Grid's energy security score for Estonia is 48 out of 100 (vulnerable), 128th of 158 countries. It looks at how much of its own energy it produces, how varied its power sources are, its reliance on imported power and its use of low-carbon power, gas and oil.
Other countries in Europe
Sources: Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0), figures up to 2025; energy production and use by source from the Energy Institute Statistical Review via Our World in Data (CC BY 4.0), 2024; pipelines and LNG terminals from Global Energy Monitor's Global Oil Infrastructure Tracker (June 2026 release) and Global Gas Infrastructure Tracker (November 2025 release) (CC BY 4.0). Ember's latest-year figures are first estimates and may be revised. TWh: terawatt hours (one billion kWh).