Global GridIndia's energy mix and electricity
🇮🇳 In 2025, India generated 2,080 TWh of electricity. The largest source was coal at 71%, followed by solar (9.4%) and hydro (8.5%). In total, 27% came from low-carbon sources (nuclear and renewables) and 73% from fossil fuels.
On average, each kilowatt hour produced about 671 grams of carbon dioxide (CO₂), above the world average of 458 grams in 2025. That makes India the 139th cleanest of 158 countries that generate at least 1 TWh a year.
Electricity demand was 2,080 TWh. India imported 1.22 TWh more electricity than it exported, equal to 0.1% of its demand.
Since 2000, electricity generation has grown by 264%, from 571 TWh. The low-carbon share went from 17% to 27%. The biggest rise was in solar, from 0% to 9% of generation. The biggest fall was in gas, from 10% to 2%. Carbon intensity fell from 740 to 671 grams per kWh.
Live, hour-by-hour figures for India are not connected yet. The dashboard shows its yearly figures, energy mix since 2000 and interconnector trade.
Energy mix in 2025
- Coal 71%
- Solar 9.4%
- Hydro 8.5%
- Wind 5%
- Nuclear 2.6%
- Gas 2.3%
- Bioenergy 1.1%
- Oil and other fossil fuels 0.2%
| Source | Share | Generated |
|---|---|---|
| Coal | 71% | 1,473 TWh |
| Solar | 9.4% | 196 TWh |
| Hydro | 8.5% | 177 TWh |
| Wind | 5% | 104 TWh |
| Nuclear | 2.6% | 54.1 TWh |
| Gas | 2.3% | 47.8 TWh |
| Bioenergy | 1.1% | 22.9 TWh |
| Oil and other fossil fuels | 0.2% | 4.16 TWh |
Total energy mix in 2024
Electricity is only part of the energy India uses: fuel for transport, heating and industry counts too. In 2024, India used 11,300 TWh of energy in all (primary energy). The largest source was coal at 57%, followed by oil (27%) and gas (6.2%). Fossil fuels made up 90% and low-carbon sources (nuclear and renewables) 10%.
- Coal 57%
- Oil 27%
- Gas 6.2%
- Hydro 3.4%
- Solar 3%
- Wind 1.8%
- Nuclear 1.2%
- Other renewables 0.6%
- Biofuels 0.4%
| Source | Share of all energy |
|---|---|
| Coal | 57% |
| Oil | 27% |
| Gas | 6.2% |
| Hydro | 3.4% |
| Solar | 3% |
| Wind | 1.8% |
| Nuclear | 1.2% |
| Other renewables | 0.6% |
| Biofuels | 0.4% |
Primary energy, with nuclear and renewable electricity counted as the fuel a power station would need to make it (the "substitution method"). Here "other renewables" is the Energy Institute's "geothermal, biomass and other" power generation, and biofuels are liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. Source: Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy via Our World in Data (CC BY 4.0).
Energy security score
Moderate. India ranks 71st of 158 countries and 14th of 46 in Asia. The score shows how well a country could keep electricity affordable and on if fuel supplies were disrupted.
| Measure | Score |
|---|---|
| Produces its own energy In 2024, India produced energy equal to 61% of all the energy it used (100% or more scores full marks). | 61 |
| Variety of power sources How evenly generation is spread across nine sources. The largest, coal, made 71%. | 54 |
| Little reliance on imported power Net imports were 0.1% of demand; each 1% takes off 2 points. | 100 |
| Low-carbon power Nuclear and renewables made 27% of generation. | 27 |
| Low gas and oil use Gas and oil made 2.5% of generation; the score is 100 minus that share. | 98 |
The five measures are weighted 30%, 20%, 20%, 15% and 15%. How the score works.
Oil and gas pipelines
Global Energy Monitor lists 28,414 km of oil and gas pipelines operating in India, 19,914 km being built and 1,689 km proposed (lengths measured along the mapped routes; a pipeline crossing borders counts in full for each country). For liquefied natural gas (LNG), shipped by sea, it lists 10 import terminals operating (15 more being built or proposed).
See them on the interactive map · Pipelines around the world
How it has changed
| Year | Generated | Low-carbon | Fossil | CO₂ g/kWh |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | 571 TWh | 17% | 83% | 740 |
| 2005 | 705 TWh | 19% | 83% | 734 |
| 2010 | 936 TWh | 18% | 83% | 739 |
| 2015 | 1,310 TWh | 18% | 83% | 751 |
| 2020 | 1,560 TWh | 22% | 78% | 709 |
| 2024 | 2,040 TWh | 23% | 78% | 707 |
| 2025 | 2,080 TWh | 27% | 73% | 671 |
Questions about India's energy
What is India's energy mix?
In 2025, India's electricity came from coal 71%, solar 9.4%, hydro 8.5% and wind 5%. Counting all the energy it uses, including fuel for transport and heating, the mix in 2024 was coal 57%, oil 27%, gas 6.2% and hydro 3.4%.
How much of India's electricity is renewable?
24% of its electricity came from renewables in 2025 (solar 9.4%, hydro 8.5%, wind 5% and bioenergy 1.1%). Including nuclear power, 27% of its electricity was low-carbon.
What is India's main source of electricity?
Coal, which made 71% of its electricity in 2025.
How clean is India's electricity?
About 671 grams of CO₂ for each kilowatt hour in 2025, above the world average of 458 grams. It ranks 139th cleanest of 158 countries that generate at least 1 TWh a year.
Does India import electricity?
Yes: in 2025 it imported 1.22 TWh more than it exported, 0.1% of its demand.
How secure is India's energy supply?
Global Grid's energy security score for India is 68 out of 100 (moderate), 71st of 158 countries. It looks at how much of its own energy it produces, how varied its power sources are, its reliance on imported power and its use of low-carbon power, gas and oil.
Other countries in Asia
Sources: Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0), figures up to 2025; energy production and use by source from the Energy Institute Statistical Review via Our World in Data (CC BY 4.0), 2024; pipelines and LNG terminals from Global Energy Monitor's Global Oil Infrastructure Tracker (June 2026 release) and Global Gas Infrastructure Tracker (November 2025 release) (CC BY 4.0). Ember's latest-year figures are first estimates and may be revised. TWh: terawatt hours (one billion kWh).